Russia Ryuichi benevolence and Gul - Tibetan Bon thinking about the relationship with the Persian
Author introduction: Sun Lin (1963), male, the Han nationality, Anhui Funan County, is now an associate professor of Tibet University for Nationalities Department of ethnology, the main research direction for the ethnology, tibetology.
Abstract the Bon is a distinctive religion, this paper explores the origin of Bon religion thought from the perspective of comparative religion, that systematic Bon absorbed many Persian religion ideas, especially the religious cosmology basically referred to the Persian pattern. The Bon religion in the holy land of the Russian Mulongren, both influenced by Persian religion, but also with the Silk Road City, an important religious association, because the model and Ki Takahito model is almost identical to the.
Keywords Tibet Bon religious shrine in Persia
Origin of Bon religion is on a study of the ancient culture of the very important question. At present, the problems of interest scholars increasingly strong, the reason is in the Bon religion ideology, we can not only find rich belonging to the Tibetan national minority's traditional culture, but also can see a large number of foreign matter, such as Bon for India Buddhism absorption that can be used as evidence. The whole structure of Bonism, its system of spirits and religious practices are drawing a lot of Buddhist thing, but in theory of religion, bon and draw a lot of non Buddhist and foreign ideas, this point in their cosmology especially. Through comparison we find Bonism cosmology, is set up in the Asian popular religious cosmology on the basis of its existing, purely foreign ideological system, and the Tibetan people own understanding and processing of foreign thoughts. Below we try to explain the foreign component Bon cosmology from communication and cultural interaction between different cultural aspects.
The traditional view of Bon religion itself religion originated in Dashi (tazig or tag-gzig) this word in Tibetan generally refers to the ancient Persian, but there are many who claimed that the origin of benzene in the holy land as male (today's Tibet Ali). Bon researchers on this contradiction is very difficult, but the general Bon believers, the two statements can be accepted, because sometimes, Dashi and Zhang are also regarded as Bon of the holy land, they are become in mythology
Benzene (Bon), benzene, and there is no authoritative interpretation of the word, some researchers believe that it is the basic meaning of "pray", "secret", "read", "read". D Snell grove in the study states the famous monograph "nine times" the preface Bon also think that Bon and gyer have the same meaning as the male language, but the term also includes chos (Law) meaning, i.e. Bon can be understood as having "basis", "teaching" and the meaning of the word.
Recently, some foreign researchers have proposed a new explanation, that the Tibetan Bon "benzene" Department of foreign language, rather, it is the ancient Persian word Banu the sound, the word light, light, light in Persian. In ancient India, Sanskrit, and Persian word for Banu is BHANU, the word and the meaning of Banu exactly the same. In addition, in the ancient Persian, and BUN and Bon pronunciation of the word, these two words in Loa Sid (Zoroastranism, namely worship Zoroastrianism) has important meaning, a written in Pahlavi literature about the fire in ninth Century to teach discipline, use bun as the "literature". Thus, some scholars in the origin of the re evaluation of Bon religion, think some ideas in the Tibetan Bon from around the nation.
The origin of the Bon religion is an important issue to study the ancient Tibetan culture, for its solution can make us better understand the bon and Tibetan culture spirit, so this question needs to be discussed repeatedly study.
From Bon cosmology, between the world system, the structure of the universe and all - bon in the literature, "key", we can see the teaching Zuxin Rao under and was born in a Ki Takahito, he established the Bon system here. Ki Takahito (o1molungring), common explanation is "Bon ol represents not born", "Mo" stands for "not decline", "lung" stands for "Xin Rao granted to remember", "ring" stands for "eternal compassion new rao". Ki Takahito from the literal meaning, bon scholars who think can be interpreted as "Emu long valley". If from the Tibetan structure, characteristics of olmolungring is a portmanteau word, the word ol is the root meaning "blue" (green ash), negative Mo based word usage, is a kind of ancient Tibetan on the peaks of the appellation of the Changshan channel, lungring. Now, olmo as names, we are not to seek more the name meaning, or with the Himalaya goddess Umo (OMMA) have a certain relationship. Scholars study the names in the Bon literature emerged in time according to some, should not be earlier than tenth Century. India popular for Parvati Wumo esoteric cult was later in tenth Century to Tibet. In addition, it may be associated with the "new book of Tang. The biography" recorded in the "stuffy friction Li Shan" have similar pronunciation, according to "new book of Tang" records, the mountain in sheep with the country, namely, Zhang, its meaning is "Brown" (Xuan Qingshai). Can be inferred, the Christians in the area of explanation, we can see its geographical location of the implied cultural information.
Bon in the classic, Ki Takahito as the center of the world, has the structure of magic. For a description of the holy land. We first see the Bon classics. In Eleventh Century by the Ministry of works "Bon Bon" and in nineteenth Century a book "Bon history -- kayo treasure" in the holy land, bon was described as a sacred mountain -- nine Yong Zhong Shan as the center. To the mountain as the center, respectively, out of four rivers in four directions, they are the eastern gang-ka (Ganges RIver), South sin-du (Yin Duhe), the western pag-shu (Bo Chahe), the si-ta (private multi River). The four rivers Ki Takahito will be divided into four regions, and began to spread from the nine level Yong Zhong Shan area is close to the holy mountain: four palace, the East -- shampoo Lazhi palace, South -- Bob Sawyer palace, West -- red Manjie Xie Gong, North - Kong Mo is the education sector. And the four palace is located in the southeast, adjacent namely northeast fourdimensional direction also has four tower building, they form the center within the district (nanggling). The outside, there are 12 to gling (or island in the name of the regional mean), they are also known as "12 between Delta" (bargling), respectively, have special names and all kinds of mountains, rivers and other special things, in addition, each state has a city. The southeastern brgyalagu 'omagling (Han bamboo Island) with kongrtsephrulgyirgyal (Confucius God who became king) living. The periphery also has 12 regional, known as the "12 continent" (mtha' -gling). Beyond the edge of delta is annular edge mountains, the holy land completely surrounded, crater, also is the land surrounded by large sea. "The Department set to" also painted a picture of Ki Takahito's geographical structure diagram, the diagram has a great influence on later Bon works. Morphology is from the map view, it with the ancient West Asia and Mesopotamia civilization in the wheel shaped map has similar place. According to the study of history of science British expert Joseph Needham, ancient Babylon wheel shaped map and the annular space concept of Babylon impact has on the whole Asia and Europe, he will call the religions of Eurasia round universe. For China, the Warring States period, Qi Zou Yan advocated "win big sea" cosmology is the doctrine of Chinese version. Interesting is, from fourth Century BC to thirteenth Century this period of long time, there is evidence that almost the entire Eurasian countries have ever been this cosmology attract, produce many map with a circular structure characteristics of the universe or the related myth. In China, since the beginning of the spring and autumn and Warring States, it had a plan to construct the structure of the universe popular practice in bronze mirrors. The reason for this phenomenon, because culture in ancient China, the mirror has a special status: because it itself with the light (light, light), so it has long been seen as having exorcised demons is utility. General in the Chinese ancient funeral, the mirror is often necessary funerary objects, the mirror on the back with some special will often inscriptions, such as: "cealess happiness", "drive up the ominous statement" etc.. From the Warring States period to the Qin and Han Dynasty bronze mirror, a very popular casting a particular pattern in the copper mirror back, this figure in archaeology is usually called "rules pattern" (Chinese name) or TVL lines (foreign name). Many researchers believe that the rules about the pattern and the structure of the universe, we think the rules pattern is actually a kind of cosmic structure diagram, from the Han Dynasty and the rule is matched with many lines of bronze mirror inscription, should be certain rules to express the universe grain structure as the theme, a piece of inscriptions of bronze mirror as new Mang: "new single copper Danyang, melting silver tin Ching ming. The Imperial Palace was not hurt, leftright dragon tiger turned ominous. Zhu Niao Xuan Wushun and sons, prepared in the middle. Naga Yasuji Pro Le Fu Chang, shou my stone as the king." Generally speaking, the source of thought and Zou Yan bronze mirrors the structure of "big win sea" the universe has a direct relationship. About Zou Yan's cosmology, Sima Qian has quoted in "records of the historian", according to "historical records" record, Zou Yan think the past scholar called China and division from Yu Kyushu and not since the whole world, outside of China as "red territory and divine land nine", which is really big Kyushu, Kyushu in the each with nine small states, together with eightyone States, the sea around the outside, nine states have water phase, China (the state of Qi) in the 1/80. Zou Yan's theory in Sheng Han, sang by Zou Yan's theory in the "salt and iron", criticizing Confucian fool rot. In the Eastern Han Dynasty Zhang Hua "natural history", the Zou Yan doctrine to play, think "north three hundred million thirtyfive thousand five hundred" land center is the Kunlun Mountains, the mountain "the center, eighty country cloth is wound, the southeast corner of China, one branch, is a good country.
The theory of Zou Yan and Chinese traditional astronomical theory of "triangle" theory is able to fit the rules of external circle round, lines are often dentate pattern, can be understood as the religious world view is described in the external iron mountain, and is often decorated with water ripple, this should be the most peripheral the vast sea, the sea is no doubt to touch the sky, square land inside is also in line with the "local" to describe the. And the bronze mirror and Zou Yan's cosmology is confirmed, is from the Zhou Dynasty appeared mysterious "Mingtang" buildings have been built successfully the construction of Han Dynasty, according to historical records in the Western Han Dynasty had built, after the Eastern Han Dynasty, Tang Dynasty, Mang, Ming and Qing Dynasties including have had built this building, Shaanxi Province, 1956 in Xi'an exploration of Beijiao, a large construction site Xinmang period according to the research, Wang Mang ordered the construction of the famous Imperial academy. On the Mingtang, "Yueling" records, "hall, so the gas, the all things. Ming up to the day, like the day also, under the twelve house, like the month Chen also. The water surrounding around, said King action with heaven and earth, German and universal, the water. Found from Shaanxi Mingtang site, the general layout, namely rule pattern universe center building, and external circular moat - academy and bronze mirrors the basic agreement. In addition, Chinese ancient popular Central Plains myth of Kunlun Mountains, also belong to the attempts to construct a schema or commanding the universe with the same mirror, bright, popular in the Han Dynasty Kunlun Mountains myth, we also note that there is a unique view, namely Wangjia Jin Dynasty in the "Shi Yi Ji" in the myth of Xumi mountain Kunlun Mountains and India together, said: "Kunlun Mountains, western Japan Xumishan, the star, a blue sea, with nine layer...". It seems the Jin Dynasty period people have to Kunlun Mountains and mount Sumeru as equal or even the same mountain. A comparative study of the two holy mountain, once in twentieth Century, 6080's in the international academia research upsurge, Indian and overseas Chinese and Chinese cultural studies scholars have discussed so much, many people think that spread the Chinese myth of Kunlun Mountains from foreign culture, Chinese historian Lv Simian has such a claim, think "Kunlun" from the "Hu language", the "black". Here the socalled "Hu", refers to some ethnic groups in the western regions of the Persian language in China, in ancient China, also known as Hu.
Comes the Xumi mountain in India province of view, according to the research, it is related with the persian. This is mainly in India ancient Aryan and Persian ancestors belong to the same nationality, in about 2000 BC from Central Asia to each move in different directions, migration of Aryans to Southeast, reaching the India River, Ganges RIver River, the other a nation which is the ancient Iran tribes, Xiang Xiqian moved to the Iran plateau. Of the two nations in religion have many things in common, especially India Xumishan mythology and Persian mythology mountain mountain Halla share many common ideas.
Around the Halla mountain, the myths and legends of the history is long, the Persian religion (Zoroastrianism) Loa Sid taught the classic "Avi Stow" (Avesta) and later "Banda" heeschen (Bandaxisen) was to be described in detail, according to the two classic records, as the center of the world, the top Halla mountain "he is. Enmana (Galornemana)", which means "treasure house", also known as Hu, Bisis, vashishta a, as a part of heaven. In the Zoroastrian view of the universe, the universe to Polaris (Mexigah) as the center is divided into four area twelve interval. Four sky respectively to four major constellation as a symbol of division, east to mention what Teliya (Tistrya, Sirius) as the leader, Southern District in Saad Weiss (Sadwes, Scorpio) as the leader, the west area to wa Nande (Wanand, Lyra) as the leader, area north to Haft Runge (Haftoreng, Ursa Major) as the leader. The twelve section referring to the twelve areas the sky, and the twelve signs of the zodiac. Polaris is under is Halla mountain, earth and sky where the mountain is the correspondence, it is divided into four regions and twelve interval. At the same time, Halla mountain lions, tigers, birds, with the name of the horse, the world square out of four rivers, the earth is divided into four equal parts. Halla in the pronunciation and Sanskrit is similar to kailasah, Kailasah is a legend in India and Central Asia in the holy mountain, in the Buddhist sutras are called Anavatapta (a beautiful Darshan) or "big mountain", the legend of the mountain has four spring, at the same time, there is a magical lakes a mattress of lake, outflow four rivers from the Great Lakes to the world the Quartet, namely Ganges RIver, India River, Bo fork river, private multi river. The lake is the Yan Fushu, this tree is rich in gold. Obviously, from the structural point of view, Halla mountain and mount Kailasah is basically the same, Tibet Bon holy Russian Mulongren should have close relationship with the two national legend of the mountain.
In the Tibet area, according to some literature Bon Bon records, often to the Russian Mulongren Hajj, the pilgrimage to Tibet, even before the peaceful liberation did not stop. Bon specializes in France of the Tibetan scholar Calmet. Mulberry Mudan once in an article said, before 1959, people often go to the socalled big pilgrimage, though the Pilgrims did not return, but this does not prevent the disciples of the Holy faith. Some researchers put Ki Takahito in comparison with Kailasah mountain, think of the mountain area is Tibet Ali, Gangdise mountains is the legend of the mountain. The Gangdise mountains in India, Nepal, Bangladesh and Central Asia is famous, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Bon believers faith holy mountain. But for many benzene religious believer, some aspects of the Gangdise mountains may simply represent the Ki Takahito, rather than the true spirit of their homes, they believe in the water there is a real shrine, the shrine is there?
Now the archaeology and history seems to be the problem of finding the answer. Because in the history of ancient Persia, indeed built some religious buildings, Tibet Bon believers are holy reverence for the Persian, they on the minds of the holy land of don't give up the pursuit of these buildings may be in accordance with the prototype. In Persia, as early as the Achaemenid Dynasty period, Zoroastrianism is regarded as the national religion, Cyrus had built some religious buildings, but in the Sassanid Persian Dynasty, Alda and I (Ardashir I) used for religious reasons and built a circular city famous GUR, structure of the city can be said the heart yearning and Bon Ki Takahito almost as like as two peas. According to the author of the study, the ancient Gul (Gour) in the Fars province of presentday Iran, distance Shirlaz (Shiraz) very close, in ancient times it was an important area of Sassanid Persian Dynasty, the circular city original name is Al Dashi Aker Kvaerner Hector (ArdashirKavanah, meaning Al Dashi's brilliant), according to the local people its shape will be called Gul, later Arabs occupied this place, because the Gour in Persian "grave" meaning is that the ominous, is Azododdowleh Dailamite renamed Firuza Bud (Firruzabad or Fierouzabad). Now the site of the city near the city of Firouzabad saksun Town, the overall outlook remains intact. As a special city Alda Hill founder of Sassanid Persian Dynasty I ordered and organization built, in build, ear Dashiell world architects of the city in accordance with the circular appearance design into a myth in the center of the universe, and its structure is also very special. From the aviation archaeology photography modern and some related research, the city construction is carried out in the central region is divided into four levels. The central area of the topography of the city the highest, it includes the middle of a hand built mountain, four seat according to the southeast and northwest position distribution of the palace, the four palaces today only two seats and relatively complete wall, one of the most complete known as fire Temple (Firetemple), another name is Virgo (Virgintemple), between the four palaces and a few small shaped building. Center zone second, third area and fourth regional building are now destroyed, only the existence of different levels of the platform, so that the inside of this circular city is divided according to certain rules. The city has a special place is the city, the city has four ditch, the ditch distribution from the city center peaks are radially, respectively is the universe four range, according to our analysis, the four straight ditch, symbolic of the universe should be four rivers, they rounded walls and goole peripheral and the most external more large circular trench is communicated with the.
Structure and ancient Persian goole spread to Halla mountain (Halla, meaning "black") as the center of the universe and mythology is consistent. As previously we have described, Halla mountain peaks is center of universe in Persian mythology, is the North Star, under the mountain and the underground castle Cousy (Kuci) is described, the underground city of ancient Persian myths and Mesopotamia is characterized with "death's door", then pass the name of the city Gour is related to Cousy's fairy tales.
The city is a certain influence in the ancient West Asia and Central Asia, because in this city near Shiraz is the ancient Silk Road on the famous commercial city, a thing of the past businessmen for goole knowledge should be spread very widely, and its unique structure of the religion and myth of some ethnic groups will also have the influence, for example Persian mythology of the center of the universe Halla pronunciation and meaning for China have influence factors, name the Karakoram still with foreign language. Tibet Bon - Ki Takahito is perhaps to find the mysterious ancient city.
On the relationship between the city and Tibet city of Bon religion, we should also from wider perspective, because the research on this problem, help us to further understand the relationship between Tibet and the outside world and transactions.
From the perspective of the history of the eastwest traffic, Tibet in the early and Middle Asia, West Asia has economic and cultural exchanges. Tubo (Bod) this name is also soon spread to other parts of the world. According to the research, the Westerners had heard of Tibet in the second Century ad, the ancient Greek scholar KlaudiosPtolemios has written in East Asia named Bautai tribe, later Grecoroman author AmmianusMarcellinus the nation called Bauts, say they are living in South East Asia mountains (seems to refer to Himalaya Range) of. The Greek writer in Rome for Tibet records belong to the hearsay nature, but it can show that the AC Tibet and outside the ancient period in some way. In the 78 century, the Tubo Dynasty strong, its political power is not only deep into the western regions (today's Xinjiang), but also influence in central asia. In this context, Tibet and outside communication greatly promote. From the historical and field survey of academic modern the result of long, Tibet and the surrounding areas such as India, Nepal, Kashmir, Western and Central Asian nation has close economic and cultural exchanges, although there are some natural geographic barriers of Qinghai Tibet Plateau and the outside world, but this does not hinder the mutual attraction of different culture between. The history of commercial trade communication channel in Tibet and outside at least three main lines of large section outlet, one is the middle border in Tibet and Nepal (Tibet and Nepal) channel; the two is the southern border of Tibet India (Tibet and India) to hide not (Tibet and Bhutan) channel; three is the northern section of the border reservoir India, Tibet grams (Tibet and Kashmir) reservoir back channel. Tibet and Nepal and Tibet India channel is an important trade route of Tibet and the outside world, the main reservoir, the line from Tibet Lhasa to Shigatse, and then to the border with Nepal, Nielamu, Kuala Lumpur from, from the start here in Nepal or Sikkim, southern Tibet India channels are mainly from the Tibet border Ya Dong arrived in Bhutan or India central, from here to central or west extension; North Tibet g channel mainly Tibet Ali as the center, South to new India northwest, South from here to other areas of India, to the northwest to over Kashmir, then to Central Asia and beyond. The main reservoir of back channel to the northeast by the Ladakh to reach back Magpie (Xinjiang). Central Asia and back to the magpie history is ancient connection Eurasia (Eurasia) an important bridge, natural information about Tibet very early to Europe and Asia, in turn, outside many also have many response in Tibet, such as in the folk literature, folk tales of Tibetan lot is an alien, like many countries in Asia. The famous long ear King Story in Tibet is the horned king Randama version of the story. In this communication, the outside of the popular thoughts spread to Tibet, and in the Qinghai Tibet Plateau root should be very natural thing. The religious world view in Tibet was not accidental.
The spread of religion issues, certainly some religions of Eurasia, especially Zoroastrianism and Manichaeism may soon spread to Tibet, because in the Tang Dynasty, Central Asia Zoroastrianism and Manichaeism is very flourishing, India also has Pasi zoroastrian. Manichaeism was from the western regions of China, Tibet will naturally affected accordingly. According to the expert studies, theories about the origin of the world of Bon religion has the characteristics of western dualism religion. For example, formed in Eleventh Century by the Ministry of "Bon classic collection", and later some famous works "origin" Bon black dwarf, in this dualism thought to illustrate the principle of the universe. The two documents that the initial state of the universe is the void, with a light emitted from the light, and there were dark, cold and warm, and the Yin and Yang, the alternation and the air flow, then the wind, the wind driven flow to see fog unseen, in the warm and cold temperature and under the effect of wind the mist into dew, dew condenses into a large pond, several factors above generated continue alternating effect, the formation of a magic egg by bubble pond surface, the eggs hatch and natural generation two universe eagle, black and white. Double eagle combined again laid three eggs, were white, black, black and white color. Later, this three eggs rupture, from different lineages in the birth of the gods and a thinking chaos meatballs, named the world for the king, he created all things in their thinking ability. Here, the light is the motive power of the universe, nature also show God's side of this nature, with good. And although the dark from light effect, but it still is opposite to the light. In Tibet, the white and the good is always with justice, honest, unselfish, knowledge, intelligence and equal, while black and evil and prejudice, fraud, selfish, ignorant, confused, belongs to a category, which is undoubtedly a dualism of typical mode of thinking. This pattern's influence in Tibet we can from the Buddhist records of ancient Tibet called monkey man mythology read out, in the myth, Tibetan ancestors called monkey and Russian female combine to produce six tribes in Tibet, the rhesus macaque is a good representative, one Russian female represents evil, so their offspring with these two categories of properties, some human nature good majority, some people regard evil. Obviously, this myth, although with a little bit of colors of Buddhism, but inwardly they followed the Bon way of thinking, is also the Persian religious way of thinking.
In general, Tibet is a closed, conservative world in ancient times than people imagine, the Tibetan ancestors with a positive attitude and other national exchanges, the national things, can active learning, and then the absorption, into his own things. The Tibetan Bon religion can be said to be a good subject us to study Tibetan and ethnic communication, through the analysis of foreign ideas Bon, it can deepen our for more in-depth understanding of the system of human civilization.